Spanish chapter 13

Chapter 13 -- What have We Here?

Sometimes, we use verb expressions to describe a past action. These expressions contain the verb to have or the verb to be and the past form of a verb to make sentences,
such as “I have been to Madrid” or "I was gone for two days." These forms are called compound verbs, and are always made by using the verb to have or the verb to be and the past form of the main verb.
The verb haber is the Spanish equivalent of the auxilliary verb “to have”.

In group 1, the past forms are made by adding -ado to the stem. In groups 2 and 3, the past forms are made by adding -ido to the stem.
All of the stems are regular. When used with the verb haber, almost all of the past forms are regular.
The compound forms have the same usage in Spanish as in English. The following examples show the usage.

The forms using “have” as the auxilliary verb are:

I have spoken	Yo he hablado
You have eaten	Tú has* comido*
He has accepted	Él ha aceptado
She has danced	Ella ha bailado
You have established	Usted ha establecido
Who has finished	¿Quién ha finito?
We have walked	Nosotros hemos* caminado*
You have voted	Vosostros habéis* votado*
They have divided	Ellos han* dividido*
They have bought	Ellas han* comprado*
You have formed	Ustedes han* formado*
Who have worked	Qienes han* trabajado*

The forms using “had” as the auxilliary verb are:

I had swum	Yo había* nadado*
You had agreed	Tú habías* acordado*
He had extended	Él había* extendido*
She had prepared	Ella había* preparado*
You had washed	Usted había* lavado*
Who had carried	Quién habia* portado*
We had invested	Nosotros habíamos* investido*
You had purchased	Vosotros habíais* comprado*
They had flown	Ellos habían* volado*
They had listed	Ellas habían* listado*
You had loved	Ustedes habían* amado*
Who had eaten	Quienes *habian* comido

The forms using “will have” as the auxilliary verb are:

I will have eaten	Yo habré* comido*
You will have recorded	Tú habrás* recordado*
He will have earned	Él habrá* ganado*
She will have sung	Ella habrá* cantado*
You will have planted	Usted habrá* plantado*
Who will have finished	Quién *habrá* finito
We will have distributed	Nosotros habremos* distribuido*
You will have given	Vosotros habréis* dado*
They will have studied	Ellos habrán* estudiado*
They will have retained	Ellas habrán* retenido*
You will have read	Ustedes habrán* leido*
Who will have carried	Quienes habrán* portado*

The forms using “would have” as the auxilliary verb are:

I would have eaten	Yo habría* comido*
You would have recorded	Tú habrías* recordado*
He would have earned	Él habría* ganado*
She would have sung	Ella habría* cantado*
You would have planted	Usted habría* plantado*
Who would have ordered	Quién habría* ordenado*
We would have distributed	Nosotros habríamos* distribuido*
You would have given	Vosotros habríais* dado*
They would have studied	Ellos habrían* estudiado*
They would have retained	Ellas habrían* retenido*
You would have read	Ustedes habrían* leido*
Who would have voted	Quienes habrían* votado*

Past Forms of Verbs

In group 1, the past forms are made by adding -ado to the stem. In groups 2 and 3, the past forms are made by adding -ido to the stem.
All the stems of the three groups are regular.

There are some verbs which are irregular in two ways. First, some verbs have two past forms, a regular and an irregular form.
Second, some verbs have only an irregular past form. The regular forms are used with haber. The irregular forms are used with estar and ser.
Naturally, if only an irregular form exists, that form is used with haber. The following table summarizes the forms.

Verb	Regular form	Irregular form
abrir, to open	---	abierto, opened
abstraer, to abstract	abstraido	abstracto, abstracted
compeler, to compel	compleido	compulso, compelled
concluir, to conclude	concluido	concluso, concluded
like concluir:
excluir, to exclude	excluido	excluso, excluded
incluir, to include	incluido	incluso, included
confundir, to confuse	confundido	confuso, confused
convertir, to convert	convertido	converso, converted
like convertir
invertir, to invert	invertido	inverso, inverted
corregir, to correct	corregido	correcto, corrected
cubrir, to cover	---	cubierto, covered
like cubrir:
descubrir, to discover	---	descubierto, discovered
decir, to say	---	dicho, said
like decir:
bendecir, to bless	bendecido	bendito, blessed
contradecir, to contradict	---	contradicho, contradicted
desdecir, to disagree	---	desdicho, disagreed
maldecir, to curse	maldecido	maldito, cursed
predecir, to predict	---	predicho, predicted
elegir, to elect	elegido	electo, elected
escribir, to write	---	escrito, written
like escribir:
describir, to describe	---	descrito, described
prescribir, to prescribe	---	prescrito, prescribed
proscribir, to proscribe	---	proscrito, proscribed
suscribir, to subscribe	---	suscrito, subscribed
transcribir, to transcribe	---	transcrito, transcribed
extender, to extend	extendido	extenso, extended
like extender:
pretender, to pretend	pretendido	pretenso, pretended
subtender, to sustain	subtendido	substenso, sustained
suspender, to suspend	suspendido	suspenso, suspended
fijar, to fix, fasten	fijado	fijo, fixed, fastened
freìr, to fry	freìdo	frito, fried
like freìr
refreìr, to refry	refreìdo	refrito, refried
sofreìr, to fry lightly, brown	sofreìdo	sofrito, browned
hacer, to do, to make	---	hecho, done, made
like hacer:
contrahacer, to counterfeit	---	contrahecho, counterfeited
deshacer, to undo	---	deshecho, undone
satisfacer, to satisfy	---	satisfecho, satisfied
hartar, to overeat or drink, to stuff	hartado	harto, stuffed
imprimir, to print	imprimido	impreso, printed
ingerir, to insert	ingerido	ingerto, inserted
infundir, to infuse	infundido	infuso, infused
juntar, to join	juntado	junto, joined
manifestar, to manifest	manifestado	manifiesto, manifested
morir, to die	---	muerto, died
nacer, to be born	nacido	nato, born
poner, to put	---	puesto, put
like poner:
componer, to compose	---	compuesto, composed
descomponer, to decompose	---	descompuesto, decomposed
disponer, to dispose	---	dispuesto, disposed
exponer, to expose	---	expuesto, exposed
imponer, to impose	---	impuesto, imposed
oponer, to oppose	---	opuesto, opposed
proponer, to propose	---	propuesto, proposed
reponer, to replace	---	repuesto, replaced
suponer, to suppose	---	supuesto, supposed
transponer, to transpose	---	transpuesto, transposed
poseer, to possess	poseido	poseso, possessed
prender, to grasp	prendido	prenso, grasped
proveer, to provide	proveido	provisto, provided
romper, to break	---	roto, broken
soltar, to loosen, untie	soltado	suelto, loosened, untied
teñir, to dye, tint	teñido	tinto, dyed, tinted
torcer, to twist	torcido	tuerto, twisted
tumefacerse, to swell, grow tumorous	---	tumefacto, swollen
ver, to see	---	visto, seen
like ver:
prever, to preview	---	previsto, previewed
rever, to review	---	revisto, reviewed
volver, to turn: vuelto, turned
like volver:
devolver, to return	---	devuelto, returned
resolver, to resolve	---	resuelto, resolved
revolver, to revolve	---	revuelto, revolved
solver, to solve	---	suelto, solved

When they are used with estar or ser, the irregular forms must agree in number and gender with the subject of the sentence.

examples:

The book was returned	El libro fué devuelto.
The texts were written	Los textos fueron escritos.
The door is open	La puerta está abierta.

When they are used with haber, the forms are constant, and do not change.

examples: The law has resolved the matter. La ley ha resuelto el asunto.

The members have seen the report. Los miembros han visto el reporte.

When used impersonally, the verb haber is translated into English in accord with its time frame.

Present tense: the form of the verb is hay which is used for singular and plural subjects.

there is no coffee. no hay cafe

there are ten cars hay diez carros

When it begins a sentence, the expression hay que ~~ translates into English as “it is necessary to ~~”. The word “que” is always followed by an infinitive.

Simple past tense: the form is hubo which is used for singular and plural subjects.

yesterday, there was an explosion ayer hubo una explosión

On Monday, there was 10 cars. En lunes, hubo 10 autos.

[ notice the clear expression of time ]

Imperfect past tense: the form is había which is used for singular and plural subjects.

Once, there were ten houses. una vez, había diez casas.

There were three men at home había tres hombres en casa

[ notice that the time frame is undefined ]

Future tense: the form is habrá which is used for singular and plural subjects.

habrá paz en el mundo	there will be peace in the world
mañana habrá más comida	there will be more food tomorrow

Conditional tense: the form is habría which is used for singular and plural subjects.

¿Adónde habría ido él?	Where would he have gone?
habría la paz	there would be peace
Ella habría publicado la obra	She would have published the work

Future perfect: the form is habrá followed by a past participle.

el contador nos dijo que para mañana habrá terminado el reporte

The accountant told us that he will have finished the report

This book is available from lulu.com under item number 3352644. Books purchased from Lulu are accompanied by a complete list of irregular verbs and all of their forms.

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